Swallowtail Papilio machaon

ab. hiemalis Fettig 1910

The outer marginal band of the forewings are without any yellow dusting.

ab. inornatus Frings 1908

Both marginal bands are black, with no yellow scales on the forewings or blue scales on the hindwings.

ab. atrofasciata Rocci 1919 + ab. hiemalis Fettig 1910

A double aberration made up of the following.

ab. atrofasciata, the marginal band of the hindwings with reduced blue, of a pale shade and vanishing in certain lights.

ab. hiemalis , the outer marginal bands of the forewings without any yellow dusting.

ab. subsphyroides Dufrane 1946

The black marginal band on the hindwings is all but touching the bar that encloses the median cell.

ab. clavatus Cabeau 1911

The black marginal band of the hindwings connecting with the black bar which closes the median cell by a black line, about 2mm thick, leaving no yellow.

ab. punctatoclavatus Cabeau 1911

The hindwings have the character of ab. clavatus Cabeau, with the black marginal band connected with the black bar, and on the forewings the character of ab. bimaculatus Eimer, which has a black spot in each of the two topmost yellow spaces of the yellow median band.

ab. tenuivittata Spengel 1899

The black marginal bands on all wings are very narrow.

ab. flavofasciata Lempke 1953 + ab. bimaculatus Eimer 1895

A double aberration as described below.

ab. flavofasciata: The black marginal band of the forewings is so strongly dusted with scales that the black nervures stand out as black lines. The hindwings usually show more blue dusting on the marginal band.

ab. bimaculatus: In normal specimens there is a single black spot in the uppermost yellow spot of the median band.

ab. flavofasciata Lempke 1953

The black marginal band of the forewings is so strongly dusted with scales that the black nervures stand out as black lines. The hindwings usually show more blue dusting on the marginal band.

ab. spuleri Fischer 1908

On this female specimen the forewing black marginal band has broadened inwards so that it unites with square black costal spot at the end of the discoidal cell, and can even reach the second spot which crosses the cell.

The band curves inwards towards the inner margin and just unites with the blackish basal area.

On the hindwing the band reaches and cuts into the cell. The yellow marginal spots are large.

ab. nov + bimaculatus Eimer 1895.

In normal specimens there is a single black spot in the uppermost yellow spot of the median band.

In this female specimen there is an additional black spot in the second yellow spot.

ab. melanosticta Reverdin 1910

The forewings with a short black streak or bar in the yellow discoidal area.

ab. cellacircinata Mezger 1913

The black costal spot nearest the base of the forewings is in the form of a circle and becomes more prominent than the other costal spots.

ab. postevittata Elevall 1940

A very striking example.

On the hindwing the dark marginal band is only faintly marked and thinly scaled, only the yellow fringes and narrow black margin which borders the fringe is normal.

The marginal band is a pallid smokey-grey, without any trace of blue. The anal ocellus also has no blue.

The description states that the forewings are less affected, but in this example they are obviously so.

ab. castanii Lambillion 1903

On the upperside of the hindwings there are red or yellow spots in the orange lunules of the upper part of the marginal chain, most often the topmost.

Two red/orange spots are clearly shown in this female specimen.

ab. castanii Lambillion 1903 + ab. increscens no author 

On the upperside of the hindwings there are red or yellow spots in the orange lunules of the upper part of the marginal chain, most often the topmost.

Two red/orange spots are clearly shown in this female specimen

I believe the ab. increscens refers to the larger red spot in the left side compared to the right. Please correct me if  I am wrong.

ab. occlusa Lempke 1953

On the underside of the hindwings the thin black marginal line which normally ceases before it reaches the anal angle, continues on and meets the black line on the upper part of the anal eye spot, so enclosing it in a thin black frame.

ab. nervosa Dufrane 1946

The main character lies on the underside where all the black markings, especially those surrounding the cells are very greatly broadened and of a dense black, as is the abdominal border of the hindwings.

The subcostal forms a real band of almost 2 mm in width.

Scale defect.

This can be caused by a number of factors, excessive cold or heat, a weak genetic strain etc.